2022年英语专八学习笔记（5）
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Chapter 7 Pragmatics
l What is pragmatics?
n Pragmatics can be defined as the analysis of meaning in context.
n Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader.
n Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.
n Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.
l What are the differences between the two linguistic studies of meaning – semantics and pragmatics?
n Semantics studies literal, structural or lexical meaning, while pragmatics studies non-literal, implicit, intended meaning, or speaker meaning.
n Semantics is context independent, decontextualized, while pragmatics is context dependent, contextualized.
n Semantics deals with what is said, while pragmatics deals with what is implicated or inferred.
l Deixis and reference
n Deixis is a word originally from Greek. It means pointing via language. An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.
n Out of context, we cannot understand sentences containing deictic expressions, because we do not know what these expressions refer to respectively.
n According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.
u Person deixis: I, we, you, me, he, etc.
u Place deixis: here, there, above, over, this, that…
l Proximal and distal terms
n Proximal terms are used when something is close to the speaker, while distal terms when something is away from the speaker.
u Time deixis: next…, by…, before…, etc.
l Tenses: coding time
u Discourse deixis
l Anaphoric: backward reference
l Cataphoric: forward reference
n The deictic centre – ego-centric centre
l Speech acts
n In linguistic communication, people do not merely exchange information. They actually do something through talking or writing in various circumstances. Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts.
n Performative sentences
u Implicit performatives – It’s cold here.
u Explicit performatives – Please close the door.
n Types of speech acts
u Locutionary speech act – the action of making the sentence
u Illocutionary speech act – the intentions
u Perlocutionary speech act – the effects
u Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.
n In linguistic communication people respond to an illocutionary act of an utterance, because it is the meaning intended by the speaker.
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