现在分词八种用法，ing加在动词之后构成什么

目前分词八种用法？

(一)作定语

1、动词目前分词独自作定语，一般放在所修饰词前。

比如：The sleeping boy is Tom.

2、目前分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差很少。

比如：Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.

3、目前分词可基本上等同于非限制性定语，经常会用到逗号分开。

比如：Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.

4、有的时候，目前分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。

比如：This is an English-speaking country.

(二)作表语

目前分词作表语多表示主语的特点。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。

比如：The story is moving.

(三)目前分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时目前分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。

比如：We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) 。I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)。

(四)作状语

目前分词作状语，其逻辑主语大多数情况下是句中的主语，假设不是，可以在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。

1、作原因状语，基本上等同于原因状语从句。比如：Being ill, Mary didnt come to school yesterday.

2、作时间状语，基本上等同于时间状语从句。比如：Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking.

假设目前分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时出现，常在目前分词前加上when或while。比如：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon.

3、作条件状语。V-ing 形式作条件状语时，基本上等同于一个条件状语从句。比如：Working harder, youll be No. 1 in your class.

4、作让步状语，基本上等同于让步状语从句。比如：Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.

5、作结果状语。比如：He died, leaving nothing but debts.

6、作伴随状语或方法状语。比如：He sat by the roadside, begging.

(五)目前分词的完成时表示它出现在主句谓语动词表示的动作以前。比如：Having finished his homework, he left the classroom.

(六)目前分词的被动式

当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式。比如：The factory being built now is a big one.

(七)目前分词的否定形式是由“not + 目前分词”构成。比如：Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.



目前分词的形式

大多数情况下形式： doing，完成形式：having done，大多数情况下形式的被动形式： being done，完成形式的被动形式：having been done。

注： 目前分词与动名词都是动词的-ing形式，它们在形式上是完全一样的。它们主要的区别是在句子中充当的成分（角色）带来一定不一样。当动词的-ing形式用于充当主语，宾语时，即为动名词。而当动词的-ing形式在句中充当非名词性成分（如：定语，状语和补语）时，我们既视其为目前分词。

目前分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，经常会用到于句子中的修饰、状语、动词补语等语法结构。其八种常见用法涵盖： 1. 表示主动、进行的动作； 2. 表示被动、进行的动作； 3. 表示主动、完成的动作； 4. 表示被动、完成的动作； 5. 表示伴随的状态； 6. 表示条件、原因、结果等复合状语； 7. 表示分词短语作宾语补足语； 8. 表示分词短语作定语。

Ing 加done 是什么语法？

ing形式作状语,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方法、伴随状况等。如:

Being a teacher, you should help your students in every way.(原因)

He died from a sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done (so that he left the experiment half-done).(结果)

Seeing my parents waving in the crowd, I went running to them.(时间;方法)

The students entered the classroom, following their English teacher.(伴随)

Listening to English every day (If you listen to English every day), you’ll learn it well step by step. (条件)

学习-ing形式作状语的用法时,需要大家特别注意以下四点:

(一) 与过去分词作状语的区别。

大多数情况下来说,-ing形式表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。试比较:

The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.

Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic.

分析:前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语,它与其逻辑主语the enemy当中为主动关系;后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因,它与其逻辑主语the enemy当中为被动关系。

(二) 有关逻辑主语的问题。-ing形式作状语时,大多数情况下情况下,其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持完全一样。如:

Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.

Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.(上海2001,28)

Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海2001春,38)

Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001, 35)

分析:前三例中,-ing形式的逻辑主语都是主句的主语。最后一例中,having suffered的逻辑主语是the river,并非主句的主语it。这样的用法非常少见,有的语法家称其为垂悬分词,我们在每次学习的时候不要模仿。

(三) -ing形式的否定式。其基本结构是:not + -ing形式,不管在完成式还是被动式里,not一定要置于-ing形式以前。如:

Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.

(四) -ing形式(短语)的功能有的时候，基本上等同于一个状语从句。

按照这个性质,我们在使用-ing形式作状语时,要记住不需要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接。如:

Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll feel very comfortable.(×)

分析:如前所述,-ing形式短语基本上等同于一个状语从句,故此，后半句中的连词so的使用是错误的,应该去除。原句应改成:

Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, you’ll feel very comfortable.

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