2020年上半年英语四级考试阅读明白3篇
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【篇一】2020年上半年英语四级考试阅读明白
A pile of wood
一堆木头
An old material may find a new use in batteries
一种陈旧的原材料能够会在电池上施展它的新用处。
ON A list of cutting-edge materials for high-tech applications, you might not expect to see wood near the top.
在一个应用于高科技的尖端材料目次上，看到木料会压倒一切，你能够没有想到。
But an experiment by Teng Li and Liangbing Hu of the University of Maryland may soon put it there.
但是，由马里兰大学的李腾和胡良冰所做的一个尝试能够会发生这类不测情形。
For Dr Li and Dr Hu, writing in Nano Letters, have just described how wood might be used to make one class of batteries cheaper by permitting the lithium now employed in them to be replaced with sodium.
根据纳米快报的报导，李博士和胡博士已经具体证明了，在获得容许的情形下，用钠代替目前制作电池的锂。再用木料制作某一类电池能够会减少本钱。
As any high-school chemist knows, lithium and sodium are chemically similar.
任何一个高中的化学家都了解，锂和钠的化学性子很类似。
Sodium ions are, however, five times the size of lithium ions.
但是，钠离子—在短少一个电子的前提下，钠原子带正电—是锂离子的五倍大小。
That matters because a battery works by shuttling ions between its anode and its cathode.
这一点很重要，由于电池便是通过穿越于它的阴极和阳极之间的离子来工作的。
The bigger the ion, the more damage this shuttling causes—and the shorter, in consequence, is the battery's life.
离子越大，它的穿越难度就越大—所以，电池的工作寿命就越短。
Hitherto, that has ruled sodium out as a plausible ingredient of batteries.
到现在为止，作为电池的公道构成部分，钠早已被清除在外。
But engineers would still like to devise a co妹妹ercially viable sodium battery, because sodium is much more abundant than lithium.
但是，从贸易角度来说，钠资本远比锂资本富厚，因此工程师们仍然但愿能够创造一种能够运用的钠电池。
Dr Li and Dr Hu wondered if the problem of electrode damage might be ameliorated by using a more pliant material for the frames on which the electrodes are suspended.
李博士和胡博士想弄清晰，若是运用一种组成电池框架的，更柔韧的材料—以到达延缓电极的目的，如此是不是可以改进相关电极破坏方面的问题。
These frames, which also transmit current to and from the electrodes, are normally made of metal, and are therefore rigid.
这些电池的构成框架也起着在电极之间传输电流的感化，它们凡是是由金属材料制成，所以硬度很高。
But the two researchers reckoned that suitably treated wood could do the job of conduction equally well while providing more yielding support for an electrode that was continually expanding and contracting as ions moved in and out of it.
但是两位研究者以为，对木料进行得当的处置后，木料也能异样起到这类传导的感化，同时，当离子从电极间穿越时，还能够更好地增添电极的柔韧性，使之能够持续地扩大缩短。
To test this idea, they used slivers of wood from yellow pines.
为了测试这类设法主意，他们从黄松树干上取了些木便条。
First, they coated these with carbon nanotubes, to improve their conductivity.
首先，他们在这些木便条里面包上了碳纳米，以提升它们的导电性。
Then they applied a film of tin to each sliver.
而后，在每一个木便条上面涂上了薄薄的锡。
This done, they i妹妹ersed the slivers in an electrolyte containing sodium ions and put the resulting battery through 400 cycles of discharging and recharging.
结束这些后，研究人员把木条浸在一种含有钠离子的电解液里，对这类特别的“电池”进行了四百次的轮回充放电。
As a control, they built similar batteries using slivers of copper.
为了便于比力，他们用铜条做成为了相似的电池。
The wooden battery was not perfect.
这个木电池其实不完成。
It's initial capacity was 339 milliamp hours per gram, but that fell to 145 mAH/g over the course of the 400 cycles.
它的初始容量是339毫安/每一小时，但是经由400次一直地充放电后，降到了145毫安时/克。
This, however, was not bad for a prototype, and far better than the copper-framed batteries managed.
但是，对于一个电池雏形来讲，结果其实不算坏，并且这个结果远比谁人铜电池好很多。
They had an initial capacity of 50 mAH/g.
铜电池的初始容量是50毫安时/克。
That fell to 22 mAH/g after just 100 cycles.
但是仅仅在100次一直地充放电后，就减小到了22毫安时/克。
Wood, then, seems a plausible candidate for battery frames.
因此，木村落仿佛是电池架构的公道备用材料。
Obviously you are not going to see wooden-framed batteries in your phone or laptop anytime soon.
很显着，人们要想在考生自己的手机或条记本电脑中看到这类木料架构的电池，要良久当前了。
But that was never the plan for Dr Li and Dr Hu.
但是，李博士和胡博士的计划可不是如此的。
What their work might lead to is giant sodium-ion batteries for the overnight storage of electricity from solar power stations.
他们的研究结果能够会发生一种巨型钠电池，用来贮存隔夜的太阳能发电站的电流。
Cheap storage is the missing part of the solar-energy jigsaw—for solar cells themselves are now cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels, in sunny climes at least.
自制的太阳能贮存是美满太阳能行业现在所急需的—由于与化石燃料比较，目前的太阳能电池已经很自制了，少在阳灼烁媚的气候是如此的。
The search for solutions to the solar-energy problem has concentrated on making man-made materials more and more sophisticated.
处理太阳能动力的研究不断专一于制作愈来愈繁杂的野生材料。
It would be a delicious irony if the jigsaw was completed not by one of these snazzy new substances but by one of the oldest materials around.
若是太阳能行业这个拼图的完善不是来自于这些时尚的新材料，而泉源于人们四周一种陈旧的材料，那一般会是一个极大的讥笑。
【篇二】2020年上半年英语四级考试阅读明白
The backlash against running firms like progressive schools has begun
反对公司管理像学校政策变化的活动已经启动
THE INTERNSHIP, a film about two middle-aged no-hopers who land work experience at Google, is a dire offering even by the standards of Hollywood su妹妹er comedies.
《挨踢练习生》是一部对于两个有工作经验没有但愿转正的中年人在google的故事，纵然是按好莱坞炎天笑剧的标准，这也是一部作品。
But it does get one thing right: that it is rather absurd for a technology firm to provide slides for staff to play on, and to let them wear silly propeller-hats.
但有一件事情是对的：一家科技公司为员工提供幻灯片演讲是相称谬妄的，并且让他们戴上傻螺旋桨同样的帽子。
Google is not alone in its juvenile tastes.
在对青年人的口胃上google不是一家。
Box, a Silicon Valley company, has installed swings in its headquarters.
硅谷的Box公司在其总部装置秋千。
Red Bull, an energy-drinks firm, has a reception desk in the shape of a giant skateboard in its London office.
能量饮料公司红牛在其伦敦办公室内有一个庞大的滑板样的欢迎桌。
Businesses of all types have moved towards sitting workers in groups in open-plan rooms, just like at nursery school.
各种企业都在逐步为员工提供开启式办公室，就像托儿所。
Time was when firms modelled themselves on the armed forces, with officers and chains of co妹妹and.
企业在模拟 军队的批示官和批示链。
Now many model themselves on learning-through-play Montessori schools.
目前有许多通过在实践中考试复习蒙台梭利学校的模式。
Montessori management has plenty of supporters in the higher reaches of business.
蒙台梭利的管理具有许多公司高层的支持。
The bosses of Google, Amazon and Wikipedia were all educated in Montessori schools.
google，亚马逊和维基百科的老板都在蒙特梭利学校承受过教育。
So was Will Wright, a video-game pioneer.
视频游戏前锋威尔·赖特也是如此。
Messrs Page and Brin credit their Montessori education with their enthusiasm for thinking differently.
佩奇和布林把他们对不一样头脑方法的热忱归于他们在蒙台梭利承受的教育。
Mr Bezos thanks it for his enthusiasm for experimentation—for planting seeds and going down blind alleys as he puts it.
Bezos师长教师谢谢蒙台梭利是由于他对尝试的热忱，正如他所说的收获和淘汰弯路。
Mr Wright says SimCity comes right out of Montessori.
赖特师长教师说模仿城市恰是出自蒙特梭利。
The nostrums of some management gurus sound remarkably like those of the progressive educationalists of the 1960s.
一些管理巨匠的秘方听起来很是像那些20世纪60年月的教育政策变化者。
For example Gary Hamel, of London Business School, and Jeffrey Pfeffer, of Stanford Business School, praise companies that dismantle hierarchies and encourage experimentation.
比方伦敦商学院的加里·哈默尔和斯坦福大学商学院的杰弗里·普费弗，歌颂公司消弭品级和勉励实验。
It is not just rich-world businesses that are buying into this philosophy:
不但是富裕的企业无疑这一理念：
HCL Technologies, an Indian software company, invites workers to write assessments of their bosses—and publishes them.
印度软件公司HCL约请工人对老板进行评价并进行公开。
But it would be wrong to conclude that the success of Google and Amazon vindicates Montessori management.
但是仅用google和亚马逊的完成就支持蒙特梭利管理的揣度或许是过错的。
Both companies have pragmatically mixed progressive ideas with more traditional ones such as encouraging internal competition and measuring performance.
这两家公司都寻求适用主义，混淆了务虚朝上进步的理念，如传统的勉励外部合作和绩效量化。
Mr Bezos is also an enthusiastic employer of ex-military personnel.
贝索斯师长教师也是一名爱好雇佣前军事人员的店主。
As in education, where traditionalists have staged a counter-revolution against the progressives, some academics are now questioning Montessori management's basic assumptions—particularly its faith in free-flowing creativity, endless collaboration and all things open-plan.
在教育界，守旧者上演了一场反政策变化的活动，目前一些学者质疑蒙特梭利管理的基本假定，特殊是其对自在活动的缔造力，无限的合作和完全开启的信心。
For example, Morten Hansen of the University of California, Berkeley studied 182 teams who were trying to win a contract on behalf of a professional-services firm.
比方，加州大学伯克利分校的莫滕·汉森研究了试图博得代表一个专业服务公司的合同的182个团队。
He found that the more time they spent consulting others, the less likely they were to win a deal.
他发现，他们越是花更多的时间询问他人就越不太能够博得这笔生意业务。
This shows, he says, that collaboration has costs as well as benefits.
他说这证明互助有效益也有本钱。
These need to be weighed against each other, instead of simply assuming that the more teamwork the better.
这些都需要对各方面进行衡量，而不是简单地假定团队互助越多结果就越好。
Mark de Rond, a Cambridge academic who once rowed for the university, argues that the most successful teams are marked by internal competition and clashing egos as well as Kum Bay Yah-style togetherness.
曾为剑桥大学赛艇的学者马克·德·ROND以为完成的球队是存住外部合作和抵触以及自我气势派头的统一性。
A focus on interpersonal harmony can actually hurt team performance, he suggests.
他说把重点放在人际协调上会对球队的体现倒霉。
Jake Breeden, a management thinker at Duke Corporate Education, worries that too much reliance on teamwork can create a culture of learned helplessness in which managers are terrified to take decisions without yet another round of consultations.
杜克大学企业教育管理头脑家杰克·布里登担忧在管理者畏惧在收罗别人定见以前做出决议的团队里过于依附团队互助会缔造一种先天性无助的文明。
Excessive collaboration can lead to the very opposite of creativity:
过量的互助能够会走向缔造力的背面：
groupthink, conformity and mediocrity.
群体头脑，整合宁静庸。
It is especially damaging at the top of an organisation. BlackBerry, a smartphone-maker, believed that having two CEOs with complementary skills would produce the best of both worlds:
这对组织的顶部坏处特殊大。智妙手机制作商黑莓无疑两位具备互补技能的CEOs 会有的产出：
Jim Balsillie was a professional manager and Mike Lazaridis was a technician.
吉姆·贝尔斯利是一位职业经理人，迈克·拉扎里迪斯是技术员。
The company soon discovered the truth of Napoleon's dictum that one bad general is worth two good ones.
该公司很快就发现了拿破仑的名言：一个欠好的将军好过两个好将军的谬误。
According to one survey around 70% of all offices in America have gone open-plan.
据一项观察表现，美国约70%的办公室已是开启式的。
Yet evidence is mounting that this is a bad idea.
但是愈来愈多的证据表现这是一个坏主见。
Over the past five years Gensler, a design firm, has asked more than 90,000 people in 155 companies in ten industries what they think of this way of working.
设计公司 Gensler，在已往的五年里观察十大行业155家公司的90,000人怎样评价这类工作方法。
It has found an astonishing amount of antipathy.
发现绝大少数人对此恶感。
Workers say that open-plan offices make it more difficult to concentrate, because the hubbub of human and electronic noise is so distracting.
他们说开启式办公室使他们更难以集中精神，由于其别人的喧哗和电子乐音是云云使人专心。
What they really value is the ability to focus on their jobs with as few distractions as possible.
他们垂青的是尽量少专心把注重力放在工作上。
Ironically, going open-plan defeats another of Montessori management's main objectives:
具备讥笑象征的是，开启式的方法击败了另外一个对蒙特梭利管理的重要目标：
workers say it prevents them from collaborating, because they cannot talk without disturbing others or inviting an audience.
工作人员说这会阻挠他们互助，由于他们不约请他人或者想不打搅他人时就无法进行评论辩论。
Other studies show that people who work in open-plan offices are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, stress and airborne infections such as flu.
其他研究讲明，在开启式办公室工作的人更易患高血压，压力更大大，更容易被感染，如流感。
Time for some discipline—and separate offices
是时候进行处罚了-和独自的办公室
It was the unthinking and indiscriminate application of child-centred education techniques, with little attention paid to outcomes, that eventually brought about a backlash.
以儿童为中心的教育技术劈头盖脸的和不分是非黑白的应用，并且很少重点关注结果，终极带来了反弹。
The more thoughtful critics did not wish to turn the clock back entirely and return to rote learning and tyrannical teachers; they simply said that structure and order have their place too.
深图远虑的品评不但愿光阴完全倒流到逝世记硬背和教师蛮横的时代，他们只是说构造温顺序也有考生自己的地位。
The same seems to be happening now in business.
目前在贸易范畴仿佛也有异样的情形。
Mr Breeden argues, sensibly, that managers should treat collaboration and creativity as techniques rather than dogmas.
布里登辩白说，很显着管理者应该把合作和缔造力当作本领而非教条。
Diane Hoskins of Gensler speculates that her company's findings about open-plan offices are so striking that they may mark the beginning of a new era in workplace organisation.
公司Gensler的黛安·霍斯金斯揣测，她们公司的开启办公室体现是云云有目共睹，标记着办公室组织方法的一个新时代。
When workers start being moved back into separate booths, and the office slide is replaced with a noticeboard bearing a list of staff instructions, you will know that the counter-revolution is well under way.
当工人启动被搬回到独自的办公间，办公室不知不觉交换的一个列着员工证明的布告板，你就会了解，反政策变化的工作正在顺利进行。
【篇三】2020年上半年英语四级考试阅读明白
Nanotechnology
纳米技术
A fab result
生物工场
A novel way of making computer memories, using bacteria
制作计算机存储器的新颖要领：运用细菌
FOR half a century, the essence of progress in the computer industry has been to do more with less.
半个世纪以来，计算机行业发展的本质便是费钱更少，成事更多。
Moore's law famously observes that the number of transistors which can be cra妹妹ed into a given space doubles every 18 months.
摩尔定律的结论是：能够放入某空间内的晶体管数目每一18个月翻一番。
The amount of data that can be stored has grown at a similar rate.
贮存的数据也有着相似的增加速度，
Yet as components get smaller, making them gets harder and more expensive.
但是跟着部件愈来愈小，它们的制作难度和本钱也逐步增添。
On May 10th Paul Otellini, the boss of Intel, a big American chipmaker, put the price of a new chip factory at around $10 billion.
5月10日，美国芯片巨子因特尔总裁兼CEOPaul Otellini颁布发表将破费上百亿美圆建设新工场。
Happily for those that lack Intel's resources, there may be a cheaper option—namely to mimic Mother Nature, who has been building tiny devices,
对于不像因特尔那么有钱的厂家的好资讯是，他们或允许以选择更自制的方法—模仿大自然。
in the form of living cells and their components, for billions of years, and has thus got rather good at it.
对于大自然来讲，她建造细小装备已经无数十亿年了，因此自然是信手拈来，固然，这些装备都因此活细胞和其组份的形式出现。
A paper published in Small, a nanotechnology journal, sets out the latest example of the technique.
揭晓在纳米技术期刊《细小》的一篇论文形貌了这一新技术的示例，
In it, a group of researchers led by Sarah Staniland at the University of Leeds, in Britain, describe using naturally occurring proteins to make arrays of tiny magnets, similar to those employed to store information in disk drives.
该技术团队由英国利兹大学的Sarah Staniland指挥，他们用自然生成的卵白质让微型磁性材料进行陈列，这与磁盘驱动器上贮存信息的磁性材料排序是相似的。
The researchers took their inspiration from Magnetospirillum magneticum, a bacterium that is sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field thanks to the presence within its cells of flecks of magnetite, a form of iron oxide.
研究人员从趋磁细菌上取得了灵感，因为该细菌外部存在磁性颗粒，因此对地球磁场很是敏感。
Previous work has isolated the protein that makes these miniature compasses. Using genetic engineering, the team managed to persuade a different bacterium—Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous critter that is a workhorse of biotechnology—to manufacture this protein in bulk.
他们先要把制作这类微型罗盘的卵白质分散出来，并采取基因工程技术想法让另外一种细菌—大肠杆菌来批量消费这类卵白质，而大肠杆菌在生物体内遍及存在，是生物工程中的经常使用夫役。
Next, they imprinted a block of gold with a microscopic chessboard pattern of chemicals.
而后他们用化学要领绘制细小的棋盘图案，并把图案的每块染成金黄色，
Half the squares contained anchoring points for the protein.
每一块区域的一半用该卵白质做牢固点，
The other half were left untreated as controls.
另外一半不做任那边理作为比较，
They then dipped the gold into a solution containing the protein, allowing it to bind to the treated squares, and dunked the whole lot into a heated solution of iron salts.
再把这些金黄色的棋盘浸入含卵白质的溶液中，并容许溶液中的卵白质与棋盘上的牢固卵白质联合，后把该棋盘所有浸入加热的铁盐溶液中。
After that, they examined the results with an electron microscope.
他们再用电子显微镜视察尝试结果，
Sure enough, groups of magnetite grains had materialised on the treated squares, shepherded into place by the bacterial protein.
果真，棋盘上的牢固卵白质区域发生了成群的磁铁颗粒，并由细菌卵白质控制在相对应地位。
In principle, each of these magnetic domains could store the one or the zero of a bit of information, according to how it was polarised.
基本上每一个磁域都能按极化的方法存储一个字节信息的1或0。
Getting from there to a real computer memory would be a long road.
但是要制成真实的计算机存储器另外还有很长的路要走，
For a start, the grains of magnetite are not strong enough magnets to make a useful memory, and the size of each domain is huge by modern computing standards.
首先对于可用的存储器来讲，那些磁铁颗粒的磁性还不敷强盛，而且每一个区域的尺寸对目前计算机标准来讲太大了。
But Dr Staniland reckons that, with enough tweaking, both of these objections could be dealt with.
但Staniland以为，只需做些充足的变动修改，那些难题都将不是问题。
The advantage of this approach is that it might not be so capital-intensive as building a fab.
这类要领的利益便是不用像因特尔那样云云资本麋集地去建造新工场，在制作不停发展的产物时也不需要异样多的装备，
Growing things does not need as much kit as making them. If the tweaking could be done, therefore, the result might give the word biotechnology a whole new meaning.
因此，若是这类变动修改可以完成的话，生物技术一般会有一个全新的界说。